An animal trainer can use conditioned reinforcers, like clickers, to bridge the interval between response and positive reinforcement.
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It should be noted that there is some debate as to whether an organism can be deprived or satiated from conditioned reinforcers.
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In other words, the more uncertainty about the reinforcement the stimulus reduces, the more effective a conditioned reinforcer it will be.
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The basis of effective clicker training is precise timing to deliver the conditioned reinforcer at the same moment as the desired behaviour is offered.
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Second-order schedules result in a very high rate of operant responding at the presentation of the conditioned reinforcer becomes a reinforcing in its own right.
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The difference in research methodologies with humans-using tokens or conditioned reinforcers versus non-humans using sub-primary forces suggested procedural artifacts as a possible suspect.
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It can also register the delivery of a conditioned reinforcer, such as an LED ( see Jackson & Hackenberg 1996 in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior for example ) signal as a " token ".